to rev at full power

1)

а) работать на повышенных оборотах ( о двигателе)

б) = rev up увеличивать число оборотов ( двигателя)

2)

а) повышаться, увеличиваться; становиться более активным

б) = rev up повышать, увеличивать, делать более активным

1. реакция; реагирование; отклик; ответ(ное действие); выходной сигнал; срабатывание; возмущенное движение <ЛА>/ реагировать; отвечать

2. чувствительность

3. характеристика; зависимость; (динамические) характеристики

4. приемистость < двигателя>

5. эффективность < органа управления>

response due to longitudinal stick command

response due to rudder input

response in sideslip

response in turn

response of stick position to stick force

response to turbulence

abrupt response

acceleration response

actuator response

aerodynamic response

aeroelastic response

aircraft response

airspeed response

alpha response

alpha-ramp response

amplitude response

angle-of-attack response

angular response

attitude to stick force response

base-excitation response

beam response

blade response

brake response

buffet response

buffeting response

C* response

chord response

closed-loop response

closed-loop frequency response

command response

commanded response

computer response

computer-triggered response

control response

control surface response

control-system response

coupled response

crisp response

damped response

damper response

dead-beat response

decoupled response

displacement response

divergent response

diverging response

doublet response

Dutch roll response

dynamic response

edgewise response

elastic response

elastodynamic response

experimental response

filter response

flap response

flat amplitude response

flexible response

flight response

flight path to stick force frequency response

flight path response

flight path angle response

forced response

fracture response

free response

free-flight response

frequency response

full-scale response

full-state response

full-elevator response

g response

glideslope response

gust response

heave response

Heaviside response

helicopter response

high-frequency response

high-overshoot response

horizontal tail deflection response

horizontal tail rate response

impact response

impulse response

in-phase response

indicial response

inelastic response

instantaneous response

jamming response

landing gear response

large-amplitude response

lateral response

lateral stick response

lateral-directional response

lead-lag response

lift response

lift coefficient response

load response

load factor response

long term response

long-period response

longitudinal response

loop frequency response

low-overshoot response

maneuver response

maneuvering response

maximum control response

mid-frequency response

model response

model-following response

motor response

non-Gaussian response

normal acceleration response

nz response

off-axis response

on-axis response

open-loop response

open-loop frequency response

oscillatory response

out-of-phase response

overly sensitive response

phase response

phugoid response

physiologic response

piloted response

pitch response

pitch axis response

pitch command response

pitch rate response

pitch attitude response

pointing response

power response

rate-independent plastic response

resonant response

resonator response

rigid body mode response

roll response

roll axis response

roll rate response

rolling response

rolling axis response

rough airfield response

rudder pedal response

sharp response

short term response

short-period response

short-period dynamic response

side-slip response

sideforce response

simulated response

simulator response

sluggish response

spectral response

spoiler response

sprung mass response

static response

steady-state response

step response

step-function response

strain response

stress response

structural-acoustic response

subharmonic response

thrust response

time response

torsional response

tracking response

trailing-edge deflection response

trailing-edge rate response

transient response

trim response

turbulence response

turbulence-excited response

two-per-rev response

undamped response

unstable response

vehicle response

velocity response

vertical response

vestibular response

vibration response

vibrational response

vibratory response

well-damped response

wing response

wing beam response

wing rock type response

yaw response

yawing response

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.

In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.

In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.

It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.

During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.

In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.

On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.

At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.

In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.

The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.

Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.

Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.

Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.

He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.

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1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) løpe

2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) gli (over), gå

3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) renne, strømme

4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) være i gang, gå

5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) drive, lede, styre

6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) løpe (om kapp), la delta i veddeløp

7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) gå, kjøre

8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) gå

9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) kjøre; eie

10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.) farge av, renne utover

11) (to drive (someone); to give (someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) kjøre, gi skyss

12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) gli, renne

13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) være, bli

1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) løp(etur)

2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) kjøretur, reise

3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) periode, stund

4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) løpemaske, raknet maske

5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) fri adgang

6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) -gård

7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.)

•

- runner

- runny

ferd

forsøk

gang

løp

prøve

renn

subst. \/rʌn\/

1) joggetur, løpetur

2) løp, springmarsj

3) løping, renning, renn

• it was a perpetual run of reporters

4) (tilbakelagt) strekning

5) evne til å løpe, kraft til å løpe

• he had a mile's run left in him

6) tilløp, sats, ansats (for hopp)

• without (a) run

7) (sport, i cricket e.l.) run, poeng, (fri)omgang

8) (softball, baseball, også run score) poeng

9) kort reise, tur, svipptur, snartur

• we took a run to Paris

• we had a good run

10) reise, kjøring, seiling, seilas, sjøreise

• it's two days' run from Chicago

11) rute, vei, runde

• we'll follow the milkman's run

• the boat was taken off its usual run

12) remse, stripe, strekning

• there was a narrow run of sand there

13) strøm, flom av vann

14) (amer.) bekk, å

15) ( gruvedrift) ras

16) (plutselig) fall, ras

17) tendens, retning, utvikling, vei

• we have analyzed the run of the market

18) retning

• the run of the hills is south-west

19) gang, rytme, forløp

• the daily run of affairs

20) serie, rekke, periode

• it was a run of misfortunes that led to this

• we have had a run of good weather

21) plutselig (forsterket) etterspørsel, rush, renn

• there was a run on copper

22) ( kortspill) suite

23) ( handel) merke, sort, type

24) produksjonsserie

25) trykking, opplag

26) ( om dyr) kull

27) hjord, flokk (av husdyr)

28) ( om fisk) stim (på vandring), vandringsfisk

29) ( om fisk) vandring til gyteplass

30) innhegning, (løpe)gård (for dyr)

• chicken run

31) (spesielt austr., også sheep run)

beitemark (for sauer)

32) spor, sti (opptrampet av dyr)

33) ( sport eller teknikk) bane, spor, løype

34) ( for vann e.l.) renne

35) ( hverdagslig) fri tilgang, adgang

36) ( på strømpe e.l.) (løpe)maske, raknet maske

37) ( sjøfart) akterskipets linjer under vannflaten

38) (militærvesen, mot bombemål) innflyging

at a run i springmarsj, løpende, i strak galopp ( militærvesen) i løp

be on the run ( om fisk) nappe

come down with a run falle plutselig, rase

• prices came down with a run

the common run det vanlige, den vanlige sorten

• he is outside the common run of people

have a good run ha fremgang, ha flaks, gjøre lykke, gå bra

have a long run være på moten lenge ( om skuespill og film) gå lenge, bli spilt lenge

• the play had a run of fifty nights

( også) sitte lenge ved makten

• have a long run of power

have a run (være ute og) løpe

have a (good) run for one's money få valuta for pengene, ha glede av pengene få en hard kamp, få hard konkurranse

in the long run i lengden, i det lange løp, på lang sikt

in the normal run of events under normale forhold

in the short run på kort sikt

on the run ( hverdagslig) på flukt, på rømmen, flyktende ( hverdagslig) på sprang(et), i farten, i gang, i virksomhet

per metre run per løpemeter

run of fri tilgang til

• allow somebody the run of one's house

run of (bad) luck (u)flaks

• the run of luck went against me

run of office embetsperiode

a run of salmon en laksestim på vei opp elven

the run of the tide tidevannets stigning og fall, tidevannets rytme

run on renn etter, plutselig etterspørsel etter

• there was a run on the bank

(the) runs ( hverdagslig) diaré

take a run ta en (jogge)tur, løpe en runde

• she took a run before breakfast

ta seg en tur

• we took a run up to London

ta sats

verb ( ran - run) \/rʌn\/

1) løpe, springe, renne

• they ran to help him

2) ( som trening) jogge, løpe

3) skynde seg, ile, haste, fare, kut(t)e

4) gli, løpe, gå, rulle, kjøre

• sledges run well over frozen snow

• these metal drawers are running on ball bearings

5) gå på, drives av, fungere på

• the car runs on diesel

6) springe omkring på, løpe rundt i

• the children are running the streets

7) springe etter, jage, forfølge, jakte på

• the dog ran a fox five miles

8) løpe om kapp med, kappløpe

• I ran him to the corner

9) flykte (fra), fly

• she ran the country

10) ( om idrettsutøver eller veddeløpshest) delta i løp, løpe, springe, konkurrere

• Blue Peter also ran

11) ( om veddeløpshest e.l.) la springe, la løpe, la delta, stille (opp) med

• he is running a horse in the Derby

12) ( overført) løpe, ta

• she ran a danger there

13) ( om tid) gå, forløpe, fly, renne bort

14) ( om gyteklar fisk) vandre

• the salmon are running

15) ( politikk e.l., spesielt amer.) stille (til valg) som kandidat

• he is not running again

16) drive, stå for drift av

• he runs a bank

• she runs her own business

17) lede, styre, regjere, dominere

• he is run by his secretary

18) arrangere, holde, organisere, stå for

• they ran a course in water colour painting

19) skjøtte, passe, forestå, stå i spissen for

• run somebody's house

20) ( om maskin e.l.) gå, være i gang, være i drift

21) ( samferdsel) gå (i trafikk), kjøre, trafikkere

• the buses run every five minutes

• the ferry runs daily

• ships run between Gothenburg and London

22) ( samferdsel) frakte, befordre, transportere

23) kjøre, skysse

• I'll run you home in my car

24) ( overført) flyte

• the verses run (smoothly)

25) la gli, la løpe, dra, fare med, kjøre, stryke

• she ran her fingers over the keys of a piano

• he ran his fingers through his hair

26) kjøre, renne, stikke

• he has run a splinter into his finger

27) kjøre

• he runs a taxi

• she is running the lawn-mower

28) kjøre, vise, spille, holde i gang

• run a film

• run a tape

29) ( sjøfart) seile, føre

• they are running a ship to New York

30) kjøre (med), ha i trafikk

• they run a ferry between Dover and Calais

31) sette inn (i trafikk)

• we'll run extra buses in the rush period

32) ( overført) spre seg, løpe, fare

• the news ran like wildfire

33) ( om farge) flyte ut, flyte sammen, farge av, slippe farge

34) renne, dryppe, flyte, flomme (over)

• your nose is running

• tears ran down my cheeks

• the floor is running with water

• the candle is running

• the river runs into the sea

35) ( om sår) væske, verke

36) smelte, bli flytende, være flytende

• the ice will run to water

37) gå, løpe, strekke seg, bre seg ut

• the road runs close to the shore

38) ( om plante) slynge seg, klatre

39) løpe, gjelde

• the contract runs (for) three years

40) pågå, gå, være i gang

• the play ran (for) six months

41) lyde, låte

• I forget how the next verse runs

• it runs as follows

• as the phrase runs

• so the story runs

• the story runs that she moved out

42) ( om strømpe e.l.) rakne, gå opp

• my stocking has run

• these stockings won't run

43) (australsk, også run to pasture)

drive på beite, la beite

44) kjøre mot

• you just ran a red light

45) tappe i, fylle i

• she is running water into the bath

46) lede, føre, la renne

• I'll run the water into a ditch

47) strømme av, renne av, flomme av, sprute (frem), gi

• the well ran 500 barrels of oil daily

48) smugle (inn)

• they are running arms

49) dra, trekke, legge ut

• he is running a telephone cable

50) tråkle, kaste, sy med forsting

• run a basting

51) støpe

• they watched him while he ran bullets

• they have already run the concrete

52) holde, ha

• I cannot afford to run a car

• this car is expensive to run

53) føre

• we are running a new line of shirts

54) utføre, gjøre

• a series of tests were run

55) trykke, publisere, ha (som nyhet)

• all the papers ran the story

be\/feel run down være utkjørt, være helt gåen, være helt på felgen, være trett og nedfor, kjenne seg overanstrengt, føle seg tom

be run out ( i cricket) bli utslått, bli løpt ut

cut and run se ➢ cut, 2

he who fights and runs away lives to fight another day se ➢ day

he who runs may read det kan hvem som helst begripe, det kan en blind se

keep running in one's head\/mind (om melodi, tanker e.l.) stadig ha i tankene, kverne i hodet på en

• it keeps running in my head

leave something running la noe være i gang, la noe gå

• leave the engine running

run about eller run around løpe omkring, fare omkring, springe omkring

run across løpe tvers over, gå tvers over støte på, råke på, treffe på, komme over

run after ( også overført) løpe etter, forfølge, jage (etter), være på jakt etter

• she runs after popularity

• he is always running after the girls

passe opp

run against støte på, råke på, treffe på ( gammeldags) støte sammen med, kollidere med ( overført) komme i veien for, komme i strid med ( sport e.l.) konkurrere mot, løpe mot ( politikk e.l., spesielt amer.) stille (opp) mot, stille som kandidat mot gå tvert imot, være tvert imot, komme på tvers av

• this runs against my interests

run aground gå på grunn, seile på grunn, grunnstøte, sette på grunn, seile på grunn

• he ran the ship aground

run along! (hverdagslig, spesielt til barn eller dyr) stikk av gårde!, skynd deg av sted!, i vei med deg!, stikk av gårde!

run around være lett på tråden

run around with eller run with ( hverdagslig) henge sammen med, omgås med

run at idle se ➢ idle, 1

run at somebody eller run (up)on somebody løpe mot noen, storme mot noen, komme stormende mot noen, komme løpende mot noen

run away løpe i vei, haste i vei flykte, legge på flukt, rømme, stikke av, lure seg bort ( om hest) løpe løpsk, skjene

run away from ( også overført) rømme fra, flykte fra, forlate, stikke av fra løpe fra, stikke fra (konkurrent e.l.)

run away to sea stikke til sjøs, rømme til sjøs

run away with rømme med, stikke av med ( også overført) stjele

• she ran away with the show

bortføre, kidnappe ( om hest) løpe løpsk med, skjene (i vei) med vinne lett, ta (hjem) lett

• she ran away with the first set

la seg rive med av, (blindt) hengi seg til

• don't run away with the idea that

( overført) løpe løpsk med, sette fart på, løpe av med

• his feelings ran away with him

• don't let your tongue run away with you

sluke, koste

• my garden runs away with too much money

run back gå tilbake i hukommelsen, se tilbake ( om film e.l.) spole tilbake, kjøre tilbake

run back over gå tilbake i hukommelsen til, se tilbake på

run back to ( overført) gå tilbake til, gå tilbake på

run down springe ned(over), løpe ned(over), fare ned(over), renne ned(over), spre seg nedover

• a cold shiver ran down my back

( om ur e.l.) (holde på å) stanse, slutte å gå ( om helse) bli dårligere

• he is very run down in health

ta slutt

• the battery has run down

gjøre slutt på forfalle, forringes, forverres minske, gå tilbake holde tilbake, strupe

• he ran down the engines

innskrenke, skjære ned, gjøre innskrenkninger ved, foreta nedskjæringer ved

• they ran down the dockyard

( om (inner)slange) tappe ut luften, slippe ut luften reise ut (fra storby)

• I've run down the country

kjøre over, kjøre ned, løpe over ende seile i senk jage trett, jage til døde, utmatte (om vilt)

spore opp og fange snakke stygt om, rakke ned på, sverte, skjelle ut

• they ran down the Government

spore opp, lete frem, forsøke å spore kilden til, forsøke å spore opphavet til

• he's trying to run down a quotation

gå raskt gjennom, kikke raskt gjennom ( sjøfart) ta ned, ta inn, låre

run down someone fange noen, ta igjen noen

• the crook was run down by the shop owner

run dry ( også overført) gå tom, gå tørr, tørke inn, tørke opp, tørke ut

run for løpe til, søke opp løpe etter (og hente) ( politikk e.l., spesielt amer.) (la) konkurrere om, stille (opp) som, stille til, stille i

• they are running him for President

løpe (i), gjelde (for)

• the contract runs for three years

pågå, gå

• the film will run for two hours

• the play ran for 200 performances

run for it! ( hverdagslig) skynd deg!, løp for livet!, legg bena på nakken!

run for one's life løpe for livet

run from flykte fra, flykte for

run high (om tidevann, pris e.l.) stige høyt

• it runs as high as

( om sjø) gå høy(t) (overført, om følelser e.l.) bølge høyt, bølge over, bli stadig hissigere

run hot bli varm ( om motor e.l.) gå varm(t)

run in komme stormende inn, styrte frem titte inn, stikke innom nærme seg løpe inn, seile inn

• the ship ran in

finnes i, ligge til

• it runs in the family

( hverdagslig) fange, ta, arrestere

• the police ran him in

kjøre inn

• he is running in a new car

dra (inn), trekke (inn)

• let's run a wire in from the aerial

(typografi, amer.) la løpe (uten innrykk eller avsnitt) (typografi, amer.) sette inn

run in on eller run in to styrte frem på, styrte frem mot

run into kjøre på, kjøre (inn) i, renne imot, kollidere med

• she ran into a wall

• he ran his car into a wall

seile på, renne på støte på, råke på, treffe på, løpe rett i armene på råke ut for, støte på, komme i, pådra seg sette i, bringe i, hensette i, pådra

• he has run me into difficulties

• she will run me into dept

(opp)nå

• the book has run into six editions

• run into some length

beløpe seg til, koste

• this will run into a large sum

gå over i, bli til

• the days ran into weeks

( også overført) flyte sammen (til), smelte sammen i, forvandle til

run it fine beregne knapp tid lage stramt budsjett

run it's course gå sin (naturlige) gang

run low synke, (begynne å) tørke ut

• the river is running low

( overført) (begynne å) ta slutt, holde på å ta slutt, skorte, slippe opp, (begynne å) bli knapp

• supplies are running low

run low of begynne å få dårlig med, begynne å mangle

• we are running low of fuel

run off løpe (bort), springe (sin vei), flykte rømme, stikke av, lure seg bort

• she ran off with him

(la) renne av, (la) renne unna tappe (ut), tømme (ut), slippe ut, helle ut

• he ran off the water

drive bort, jage bort rable ned, klore ned, rive av seg, skrive i full fart

• she ran off an article for the newspaper

trykke, kopiere, lage

• the machine runs off 500 copies a minute

• could you run off fifty copies of this?

spille (av), kjøre

• he ran off a tape from their meeting

( sport) (endelig) avgjøre (gjennom omkamp)

• run off preliminary heats

run off with ( hverdagslig) stjele

run on gå på, løpe videre, kjøre videre, ferdes videre, ri videre, seile videre fortsette, løpe videre ( om sykdom) spre seg videre ( om tid) gå (videre)

• time ran on

( om bokstaver) henge sammen, løpe sammen, skrives sammenhengende prate i vei (uten opphold), dure i vei, male kretse rundt, være opptatt av

• his thoughts are always running on food

handle om, dreie seg om

• our conversation ran on that subject

(amer.) spøke med, irritere ( typografi e.l.) løpe i ett stykke ( typografi e.l.) sette inn i samme stykke, henge på i samme stykke gå på, drives med

• this car runs on petrol

løpe mot, støte sammen med, råke på, gå på, støte imot

run oneself out (of breath) trette seg ut, utmatte seg, kjøre seg tom

run one's head against the wall ( overført) kjøre hodet mot veggen

run out løpe ut, springe ut, gå ut gå ut, løpe ut, utløpe

• my subscription has run out

holde på å ta slutt, begynne å skorte, slippe opp for

• our stores are running out

• we are running out of sugar

renne ut (av) (om tau, trosser e.l.) løpe ut, sendes ut, sette ut, legge ut, la løpe ut stikke ut, skyte ut, løpe ut

• a pier runs out into the sea

( røtter e.l.) sende ut jage bort, kjøre ut, drive ut

• run somebody out of town

drive ut på beite ( sport) avslutte, fullbyrde, avgjøre (om løp, konkurranse e.l.) ( overført) fullbyrde, fullende (tid, bane e.l.) ( om jord) pine ut, utarme, bli utarmet

run out on (somebody) ( hverdagslig) løpe fra (noen), springe fra (noen)

• time is running out on me

( hverdagslig) stikke fra, overgi, gå ifra, la noen i stikken

run over renne over, flomme over ese over se over, se gjennom, gå gjennom, granske

• they ran over the report

gå gjennom på nytt, rekapitulere, redegjøre for

• he ran the whole thing over in his mind

• he was run over

kjøre over, skysse over

• I'll ask John to run you over to my place

• we ran over the time by 15 minutes

run round løpe rundt, gå rundt stikke innom, titte innom, kjøre innom

run second komme (inn) som nummer to, komme på andreplass

run short of begynne å slippe opp for, mangle

• we ran short of tea

• we are running short of butter

run somebody close\/hard følge noen hakk i hel, presse noen hardt kunne konkurrere med noen, være en hard konkurrent (til noen)

run something too far drive noe for langt

• run a simile too far

run strong ( om elv e.l.) være sterk, være stri

• the tide is running strong

run through gå gjennom, løpe gjennom, passere gjennom, fare gjennom, renne gjennom, spre seg gjennom

• run through somebody's fingers

gjennomsyre gå gjennom, gjenoppleve

• we ran through some old memories

sette en strek over, stryke gjennombore

• run one's sword through somebody

• the soldier ran him through with a sword

gjøre slutt på, gjøre (seg) av med, sløse bort, kaste bort, skusle bort

• she ran through her fortune

se gjennom, titte gjennom, gå gjennom repetere (raskt)

run to skynde seg til, ile til

• I ran to his help

løpe opp i, koste

• that will run to a pretty sum

omfatte, inneholde

• the story runs to 5,000 words

nå, komme opp i

• the essay ran to a great length

( hverdagslig) ha råd til ( om penger) holde til, strekke til

• my income doesn't run to it

• our conversations easily run to sentimentality

run to fat bli fet, ha anlegg for fedme

run together forene seg, løpe sammen

run to ground nedlegge (bytte) forfølge (bytte), jage (bytte) spore opp, forfølge, fange

run up løpe oppover, springe oppover ( sport) ta sats, ta tilløp vokse (opp), skyte i høyden ( også om plante) klatre (oppover) ( også overført) gå opp, øke (raskt), stige (raskt) spre seg oppover

• the pain ran up my arm

øke raskt, samle seg raskt opp

• run up one's dept

• run up one's account

reise inn, dra inn

• we're running up to London on Wednesday

sette opp, smelle opp, slenge sammen

• they ran up the house in a month

neste sammen, tråkle sammen, sy sammen

• I'll run up a dress for you tomorrow

regne sammen, summere, addere, legge sammen

• he ran up a column of figures

( spor e.l.) følge (tilbake)

run up against støte på, råke på, råke ut for, treffe tilfeldig

• he ran up against difficulties

• I ran up against an old friend

run upon komme stormende mot, løpe mot, springe mot

• run upon the bank

støte på, råke på, treffe på, støte sammen med gå på, støte mot kretse omkring, være opptatt av

run up to (om vekt, pris e.l.) ligge på, gå opp til, nå

run wild (om planter, dyr) vokse vilt, mangle styring, løpe løpsk ( om person) være uten kontroll, mangle styring

• the children are allowed to run wild

run with renne av, strømme av, flomme av vrimle av, kry av

• the river ran with fish

holde sammen med, henge sammen med, omgås med følge

adj. \/rʌn\/

1) tomt, slutt

2) ( om væske) som har rent ut

3) smeltet

• I'll fetch some run butter

4) (ut)støpt

• I'm looking for some run metal

5) (inn)smuglet

• she showed me a box of run diamonds

6) ( om fisk) forklaring: som har gått opp i elv for å gyte

1) подача; питание; загрузка

2) подаваемый материал

3) подающее устройство; механизм подачи; привод подачи; питатель

4) скорость подачи; величина подачи

•

- angular feed

SUBJECT AREA: Horology, Ports and shipping

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John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.

In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.

Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.

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See also: Burgi, Jost; Huygens, Christiaan